Overview

In 2022, Slovakia´s final consumption was 9.85 Mtoe, which represents a similar value to 2000 (decrease by only 0.3% compared to 2000). The largest share of final consumption was represented by industry (30% in 2022). Consumption in services and agriculture declined both in absolute terms and in relative terms. By contrast, the share of final consumption in transport has increased from 14.4% in 2000 to 26.9% in 2022. Household consumption was 1.2% higher in 2022 than in 2000.


Figure 1: Final energy consumption by sector (with climatic corrections)

Source: ODYSSEE

The energy efficiency of final consumers measured by ODEX has improved over the period 2000-2022 by 2.4% on average. Significant improvement was achieved in services (4.1% per year) and in industry sector (3.1% per year). For households, energy efficiency progress was 1.9% per year. Energy efficiency in transport improved on average by only 0.9% per year.


Figure 2: Technical Energy Efficiency Index

Source: ODYSSEE

Table 1: Sample of cross-cutting measures

MeasuresNECP measuresDescriptionExpected savings, impact evaluationMore information available
Recovery and resilience plan of the Slovak RepublicYesThe main strategic document defining policies, priorities, milestones and framework measures needed to support the Slovak economy for its recovery after the covid pandemic and to react to the identified main challenges and systemic shortcomings of the Slovak economy.2.14 PJLink
Long-term renovation strategy of the building stock (2020)YesA long-term renovation strategy of the building stock was prepared as strategic document to support the renewal of the national stock of residential and non-residential buildings, both public and private, with a view to achieving a highly energy-efficient and decarbonised building stock by 2050. The strategy forms part of the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of the Slovak Republic.2.14 PJLink
Integrated national energy and climate plan for the years 2021 - 2030YesThe main strategic document defining energy and climate policies and objectives for the period 2021-20301.28 PJLink
Source: MURE

Buildings

In 2022, space heating accounted for 71% of the households’ consumption, a share similar to 2000. Among the other uses, water heating consumption accounted for 45.5%, electric appliances and lighting for 35.5% and cooking for 19%. In period from 2000 to 2022, hot water consumption decreased by 3.3%, consumption of cooking decreased by 8.6%, but consumption of electric appliances and lighting increased by 4.6%.


Figure 3: Energy consumption of household space heating per m2 (with climatic corrections)

Source: ODYSSEE; ambient heat included.

Figure 4: Energy consumption per dwelling by end-use (except space heating)

Source: ODYSSEE

Households’ consumption was almost at the same level in 2022 as in 2000 (2.59 Mtoe in 2000 and 2.69 Mtoe in 2022). This is the result of two opposite trends. On the one hand, energy savings, represented by the significant insulation of dwellings, the increase in the price of energy associated to better energy management, more efficient electrical appliances etc, reduced consumption by 1.07 Mtoe. On the other hand, several factors contributed to raise consumption: increase in the number of dwellings (0.15 Mtoe), increase in the size of dwellings (0.18 Mtoe) and other cumulatively significant factors such as a partial change in the way households are used (since the corona crisis).


Figure 5: Main drivers of the energy consumption variation in households

Source: ODYSSEE; ambient heat included.

The final consumption in services, in the observed period 2000-2022 it decreased from 2.2 Mtoe to 1.3 Mtoe. In terms of per employee, it was a significant decrease (by -4.2% per year). On the other hand, the consumption of electricity per employee increased (on average by 0.7%), due to the expansion of electrical appliances, especially IT technology.


Figure 6: Energy and electricity consumption per employee in services (with climatic corrections)

Source: ODYSSEE

Table 2: Sample of policies and measures implemented in the building sector

MeasuresNECP measuresDescriptionExpected savings, impact evaluationMore information available
Replacement of white goodsNoSupport for the sale of energy-saving products, handing over a very old product to electrical waste to the Envidom collective system. Energy savings are calculated for refrigerators and freezers (including built-in and free-standing products).0.12 PJLink
Improving the energy efficiency of single-family homesNoFinancial support for renovation of single-family houses, which in this way will take on a significantly higher pace and energy level than has been the case so far. The support will lead to implementation of energy efficiency renovation measures at single-family houses and the introduction of selected green elements in the process recovery.0.37 PJLink
Improving energy efficiency in non - residential buildings to reduce greenhouse gas emissionsYesThe aim of the measure is to improve the energy efficiency of non-residential buildings in order to achieve a highly energy efficient and decarbonized building stock and thus contribute to reducing energy poverty and meeting the binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. Depends on availability of financial sources for various instruments (see general description).0.37 PJLink
Source: MURE

Transport

Consumption in transport between 2000 and 2022 grew by an average of 2.6% per year. At present, trucks and light vehicles represents 49% of that consumption, cars 44%, buses 4%, rail transportation 2% and motorcycles 1%.


Figure 7: Transport energy consumption by mode

Source: ODYSSEE

In 2000, cars represented 66% of the passenger traffic, buses 25% and rail 9%, while in 2022 cars increase their share, accounting for 78%, bus 12% and rail 10%. It means that transport by passenger cars is increasing in Slovakia and the transfer of persons by train has been strengthened at the expense of bus transport. This is also caused by the state's policy favouring rail passenger transport (free travel for students and retirees). Such an advantage, however, does not apply to bus transport services. One of the main factors of the dominance of individual car transport is the large gaps in the quality of the provided transport services in public passenger transport.


Figure 8: Modal split of inland passenger traffic

Source: ODYSSEE

In the period 2000 - 2022, freight transport by rail decreased by 28 % points (pp), from 58% to 30% of total traffic, the share of water transport decreased by 4 pp, but the share of freight transport by road increased significantly by 32 pp.


Figure 9: Modal split of inland freight traffic

Source: ODYSSEE

The overall increase in transport consumption from 1.44 Mtoe in 2000 to 2.66 Mtoe in 2022 (+1.22 Mtoe) was mainly due to an increase in passenger and freight transport (+0.26 Mtoe) and to a significant shift in freight transport from less energy intensive modes (rail and water) to road transport (+0.62 Mtoe). These trends were only partially offset by energy savings (e.g. improved fuel efficiency of engines), which reduced consumption by about 0.37 Mtoe.


Figure 10: Main drivers of the energy consumption variation in transport

Source: ODYSSEE

Table 3: Sample of policies and measures implemented in the transport sector

MeasuresNECP measuresDescriptionExpected savings, impact evaluationMore information available
Support for bicycle transportYesThe aim of the measure is to increase the rate of use of bicycle transport within urban areas of towns and municipalities as a relevant mode of transport. (see general description)0.11 PJLink
Promoting energy efficient transportYesThe aim of the measure is, respecting the principle of technological neutrality, to motivate natural and legal persons to purchase such vehicles, components and installations that contribute to meeting the objectives of energy efficiency, RES and emission reductions. Covers infrastructure but also vehicles (see general description).0.11 PJLink
Renewal and modernization of the vehicle fleet - rail transportYesThe aim is to reduce the energy intensity of transport by increasing the attractiveness of public passenger transport by renewing and purchasing new vehicles for public rail passenger transport and urban rail public transport, thus creating conditions for sustainable regional and urban mobility. (see general description).  0.11 PJLink
Source: MURE

Industry

The average annual decrease for the entire monitored period 2000 - 2022 was 0.5% per year. The consumption of energy-intensive industries (steel production, chemical industry, non-metallic materials production, non-ferrous metal production, and paper and pulp production) fell from 73% in 2000 to 71% in 2022.


Figure 11: Final energy consumption of industry by branch

Source: ODYSSEE

Unit energy consumption in the production of steel decreased by an average of 0.84% ​​per year over 2000-2022, but in the production of paper and cellulose it increased by an average of 2.4% per year.


Figure 12: Unit consumption of energy‐intensive products (toe/t)

Source: ODYSSEE

Total industry consumption for the period 2000-2022 decreased slightly from 3.37 Mtoe to 3 Mtoe (-0.37 Mtoe). The significant activity of industry in this period increased consumption by 2.78 Mtoe was more than ofsset by structural changes to less energy-intensive industries (-0.62 Mtoe) and significant energy saving measures (- 2.42 Mtoe).


Figure 13: Main drivers of the energy consumption variation in industry

Source: ODYSSEE

Table 4: Sample of policies and measures implemented in the industry sector

MeasuresNECP measuresDescriptionExpected savings, impact evaluationMore information available
Implementation of energy management, environmental management and EMAS systems in companiesYesThe aim of the measure is to identify the potential for energy savings and a systematic approach to energy management at the level of individual entities of the national economy through the implementation of energy management systems, environmental management or EMAS and the resulting monitoring of energy efficiency in the entity itself.0.14 PJLink
Increasing energy efficiency and reducing emissions in companies in a competitive wayYesSupport for an implementation of investment projects in order to reduce energy intensity and CO2 production. Its aim is to provide support for projects only to the extent necessary for their implementation, which will also result in significant savings of public funds.0.41 PJLink
Support for energy audits for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)YesThe aim of the measure is to support the implementation of energy audits in SMEs. The measure does not include support for the implementation of measures identified by the energy audit.0.14 PJLink
Source: MURE